Personal Reflection on Parenting

There are a number of ways through which one can raise a child. This is an obvious statement as every parent feels as though they possess the ultimate way in which to do so as well as what popular culture dictates to them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Reflection on Parenting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though there are various arrays of ways of raising one’s child I feel that when I am ready to parent I will incorporate some of the ways my own parents raised me as well as adapting with the times. This said the type of role that I will take on in parenting my child will be a balance of a demanding one as well as a supportive structure both physically and mentally for my child. It is important for the parents to ensure that they are open-minded to their children. For instance, parents may initiate discussions about the personal lives of their children. In such kind of a relationship, childre n will be free to talk about their problems openly to their parents. This will avoid stress and other mental disturbances among the children. When children are open to their parents, then the parents can easily identify when their children are about to go astray. They will therefore have a chance to correct and teach their children on the best ways of conduct. I personally grew up in close attachment to my parents. We freely hugged and discussed many intimate issues. As a result, I was able to receive guidance on various issues, the fact that enabled me grow morally upright. Although it is necessary for the parents to participate in guiding children to make certain things, it is also necessary for them to respect the decisions and interests of their children. For instance, in case a child is interested in playing musical instruments, the parents must not dictate on otherwise. May be, this could be the area they can perform best. Therefore, it is important for the parents to ensure t hat they don’t dictate everything to their children. I remember my parents used to support me in my decisions whenever they felt it was not harmful to me. This made me feel good and encouraged me in whatever I did. I felt that I had the ability to make reasonable decisions. In other words, it increased my independence in decision making.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for those responsible with parenting role to consider that the world is changing very fast and therefore a need to have change on parenting approaches. Since the children are exposed to many things at an early age for instance through the media, I think it is important for parent to begin counseling their children at an early age. Therefore, there is need for children to spend more time with their parents. In conclusion, I feel that when I am ready to parent, I will incorporate some of the ways m y own parents raised me as well as adapting with the times. Firstly, i will ensure that I spare enough time to be with my children. This will give me an opportunity to interact with them. I will also ensure that I am supportive to their decisions. This will help them learn to be independent and therefore creative. I will also ensure that there is close attachment between us. By so doing, I will be able to develop my children morally. Since physical health is also important, I will ensure that my children get adequate time to play. This will help my children to grow morally and physically upright. This essay on Personal Reflection on Parenting was written and submitted by user Tamia Silva to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Sociology And Sports

What is Sociology? Sociology is the study of human society or social problems. When we speak of sociology in context with sport we try to understand the way society effects sport. Sociology can also be described as the systematic study of principally modern and industrialised societies. This is based on the assumption that human behaviour derives from large part from the interaction with theses societies. What evidence is there of this? Children that were raised by animals act like animals because that’s how they were raised. There was no evidence of brain damage they were just never taught how to speak or behave as humans do Two classic evocations of sociologies mission! Karl Marx was a German philosopher and political campaigner. He was of the view that people make their own history but not of the circumstances of their choosing. Mills was another leading figure in sociology. His view was that â€Å" no social study that does not come back to the problem of biography, of history, and of the intersection within a society has completed its intellectual journey.† Applying Sociology to Sport Mills was of the view that through sociology troubles, which are private, become issues, which are publicly shared. A good example of this is David Beckham who has his private troubles headlining the sports pages of the national papers for all the public to read. Mills believed that these sporting personalities are role models in society and that we cannot fully understand them unless we understand the issues in which they are a part of. Examples of Issues Class differences  · Why aren’t there any working class polo players?  · Because you’re from different classes, does that mean you experience sports differently? Gender issues  · Should females be allowed to box?  · Does sex equality now exist in sport? Media Issues  · Has the media created football hooliganism  · Is the portrayal of female athletes as se... Free Essays on Sociology And Sports Free Essays on Sociology And Sports What is Sociology? Sociology is the study of human society or social problems. When we speak of sociology in context with sport we try to understand the way society effects sport. Sociology can also be described as the systematic study of principally modern and industrialised societies. This is based on the assumption that human behaviour derives from large part from the interaction with theses societies. What evidence is there of this? Children that were raised by animals act like animals because that’s how they were raised. There was no evidence of brain damage they were just never taught how to speak or behave as humans do Two classic evocations of sociologies mission! Karl Marx was a German philosopher and political campaigner. He was of the view that people make their own history but not of the circumstances of their choosing. Mills was another leading figure in sociology. His view was that â€Å" no social study that does not come back to the problem of biography, of history, and of the intersection within a society has completed its intellectual journey.† Applying Sociology to Sport Mills was of the view that through sociology troubles, which are private, become issues, which are publicly shared. A good example of this is David Beckham who has his private troubles headlining the sports pages of the national papers for all the public to read. Mills believed that these sporting personalities are role models in society and that we cannot fully understand them unless we understand the issues in which they are a part of. Examples of Issues Class differences  · Why aren’t there any working class polo players?  · Because you’re from different classes, does that mean you experience sports differently? Gender issues  · Should females be allowed to box?  · Does sex equality now exist in sport? Media Issues  · Has the media created football hooliganism  · Is the portrayal of female athletes as se...

Individual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual - Essay Example A research based on the investigation of 288 companies identified the resistance from employees at various levels as the biggest factor that hindered the implementation of change (Creasey cited in Haslam and Pennington, n.d., p. 3). This is so because the personnel tend to gain benefits from the existing business model of the organization. They have their ways formulated in such a way that any change in the existing business model can be a potential threat to their profitability. A leader is responsible to quell the resistance among people towards the implementation of a change that is compulsory for the organizational growth. The process of transition comprises three entirely distinct processes, each of which upsets the organizational personnel in its own way. The three stages are â€Å"1) Saying Goodbye, 2) The Neutral Zone, and 3) Moving Forward† (Haslam and Pennington, n.d., p. 3). Employees have reason to resist the first stage. At least they know how to work in the old s ystem whether or not it works. Having worked in the old setup for quite some time, they develop a comfort level with the first stage. Lacking the set of competencies required by the new system, people tend to revert to the old system. The Neutral Zone, which is essentially the second stage, consumes most of the time and energy of people. Instead of taking the discomfort as a challenge and working their way towards the new comfort, people tend to go back to the same old ineffective but convenient ways of doing things. In organizations which have the culture of punishing employees for their mistakes, people hesitate to adopt the new system unless they are sure they will not make any mistake in the Moving Forward stage, which is the third stage. The need of security and safety causes people to resist change. It rests with the transformational leader to make the change implemented with minimum inconvenience. According to Herold et al (2008), not much study has been done to find the impa ct of transformational leadership on outcomes of the change. Personal outcomes are the fundamental specialty of transformational leadership (Givens, 2008, p. 4). â€Å"The vision, drive, passion and ability of leaders to inspire their followers into action largely make up †¦ charismatic leadership style [of the leaders]† (Parry and Proctor-Thomson, 2002). A transformational leader necessarily has five crucial qualities that make him an effective transformational leader. A leader must be a Visionary; A leader must be a person of Integrity and Honesty and have Values; A leader must know how to properly motivate others; and A leader must be able to lead change and finally, A leader must be able to lead a culture of change. (Cornelius & Associates, n.d.). Despite their individualistic identity and significance in organizational leadership, these qualities are largely interdependent. Changes in an organization can be fundamentally classified into two types, namely the planned and the emergent. Initiatives drives in an organization from top to bottom are termed as planned changes whereas emergent changes are those which develop from any level in the hierarchical structure of an organization. In either of the two types of changes, leader assumes a crucial role to play. In order for the planned change to be effective, it is imperative that the leader

International Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Accounting - Essay Example Burberry Group Plc. is a multinational company which operates its business in the apparel sector of the textile industry. It is headquartered at London, United Kingdom and was founded in the year 1856 (Yahoo Finance, 2012a). Hennes & Mauritz AB is headquartered at Stockholm, Sweden and was founded in the year 1947. It is also engaged in the business of running retail stores in Sweden and abroad and offers different types of products which mainly includes apparels, footwear, cosmetics, etc. (Yahoo Finance, 2012b). Comparison of environmental disclosures in the annual reports Annual reports of a company are meant for the shareholders and different other stakeholders to help them in their decision making process. According to GRI, every public company is required to present their sustainability report referring to various environmental disclosures in their annual reports. Sustainability reports serve for the purpose of making the public organizations follow practices which would ensure their accountability and responsibilities towards their stakeholders. According to G3 sustainability report guidelines the performance indicators are broadly classified into three categories namely, Environmental, Economic and Social (GRI, n. d.). Six different aspects of the environmental disclosures as mentioned in the G3 sustainability report related to Burberry and H&M has been discussed in details as given below: Materials There are two environmental performance indicators mentioned in the G3 sustainability report that are related to the materials aspect. One such indicator is the materials used by a company in percentage terms that are recycled as input materials. This type of indicator has been devised to measure the ability of the organization to utilize its recycled input materials. If we look at the 2011 annual report of Burberry it can be observed that it has indicated its total recycled raw materials waste which has been recycled in 2011. However it is indicated in absol ute terms as 148 tons of raw materials waste recycled in 2011 (Burberry, 2012). Next the 2011 annual report of H&M indicates that no such indicators have been mentioned. It only talks about the company’s commitment towards reducing wastes that are used in its various production processes. However no such absolute figures or percentage terms related to the amount of recycled waste materials utilized by the company has been disclosed in its annual report (H&M, 2012). Hence, it can be concluded that Burberry complied with the disclosure requirements related to the materials aspect of environmental disclosures but H&M did not comply with the same. Energy There are five environmental performance indicators mentioned in the G3 sustainability report that are related to the energy aspect. One such indicator is the initiatives taken up by an organization to result in increasing use of renewable sources of energy in an efficient manner to help in the reduction of the overall energy req uirements of the company. In accordance with this disclosure requirement the companies are required to report on their existing initiatives that helped for the cause of reducing the energy requirements of the major products produced by them. The 2011 annual report of Burberry indicates that the company has mentioned about some of

Leadership in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership in Nursing - Essay Example In relation to this essay, leadership has great influence in the field of nursing (Malloch 2013). Leadership in nursing remains unquestionable. It involves critical thinking, advocacy, and all that takes place in nursing practice. It plays a central role in lives of nurses affecting the entire health care organizations. Furthermore, nursing leaders expect credibility, courageousness, and inspiration in innovation and increasing nursing practices (Sullivan 2013). Nursing leadership therefore, is about being competent and engage practices of nurses to provide better care around the legal scope and boundaries of their ethics (Malloch 2013). In addition, leadership in nursing entails innovation and visionary administration from junior to senior nurse officials. Thus, these leaders should understand themselves to help nurses offer services safely, timely and easily to patients. From above arguments, leadership has both positive and negative impacts in nursing. Just to mention but a few, some of the positive impacts include provision of healthful work environment for nurses. There is also development of opportunities due to good leadership. Moreover, leadership in nursing tends to promote good practice environment and safe health facilities (Rigolosi 2013). Although nurses may tend to make judgments of their own to deliver patient’s care, they always operate within a given team framework of a hospital. Leadership that is well developed encourages nurses to prove quality care which enhances outcomes for patients Nursing leaders can also guide conversation for best interest in case there is rise in different opinions. Moreover, leadership provides integration opportunities like skills, which ensure that nursing remains responsive to individual’s requirements on daily basis. In spite of many advantages, leadership also has negative impacts in nursing. Some of which include; nurse

What Was Eurosclerosis and How Was It Overcome?

What Was Eurosclerosis and How Was It Overcome? During the early-1970s to the mid-1980s period, the doldrums era or the ‘Dark Ages’ for the community has often been characterized in Europe. This same period is also known as ‘Eurosclerosis’ or ‘Europessimism’. Eurosclerosis is a term used to describe slow economic growth combined with political institutional deadlock. The causes of this ‘doldrums’ era is caused by a set of political and economic factors that were seen as a setback as it left European integration stagnant and weak in the same decade. The slowdown in political integration combined with an economic stagflation was seen by some historians as crucial period in the future of the European Economic Community (ECC) – The era is depicted as a hardening of the arteries that could ultimately prove fatal, as member states appeared hesitant and unwilling to take further steps to deepen process of integration (Dinan , 2006, p. 166). This essay will discuss the varied rang e of factors starting from the mid-1960s towards early 1970s that are believed to have led to up to the period of ‘eurosclerosis’. These ranges of factors are paralleled to early political differences by the ECC members as well as economic downturn that affected the organization’s structure. The early Gaullist policies and the empty chair crisis in the 1960s, the disintegration of the international monetary system in the early 1970s, the oil crisis of 1973 and the ensuing stagflation (combined stagnation and inflation) presented to the ECC governments while trying to reach a common ground on the Common Agriculture policy (CAP). This essay will also discuss how the European Community overcame the eurosclerosis period in the mid-1980s when the economy slowly recovered through revitalized programmes of a single liberalized market by the community. Moreover, these set of programmes encouraged multiple efforts to integrate Western Europe more closely. EEC’s successful start in creating the a customs union between the six member states was followed by early setbacks in 1963 and 1965; the first when De Gaulle unilaterally vetoed against the British application for membership, this same period is known as the 1963 crisis and the second was more serious setback when he withdrew his minsters from council of Ministers meetings known as the 1965 crisis. De Gaulle’s reasons for rejecting British membership were mainly based on his fear that Britain could undermine France’s supremacy as he saw the EEC as platform reassertion of French greatness in international affairs (Dinan , 2006, p. 152). The second crisis evolved through disagreement from member states over funding of the EEC and also a proposal by the commission to systematically finance the CAP which would have given the EEC its own financial resources and more powers to the European Parliamentary Assembly. Having rejected this proposal and not being able to rea ch an agreement, De Gaulle responded by a boycott in which he withdrew France from participation in the work of the Council of Ministers and this was known as the ‘empty chair crises’. Thus, the 1965 dispute over funding of the budget certainly illustrated the continued ability of national governments, to stop the process of European integration in its tracks and was also the first signs of political deadlock and discord (Bache, et al., 2011, p. 130). In 1966, the Luxembourg compromise agreement resolved the empty chair crisis. First there was agreement not to proceed with the Commission’s proposals: funding of the budget would be continued to be by national contributions. Second, France demanded that there be no transition to majority voting in the Council of Ministers. This move had been envisaged in the original Treaties once the customs union was complete, and completion was on schedule for January 1966. Under the terms of the Luxembourg compromise, governmen ts would retain their right to veto proposals where they deemed a vital national interest to be at stake. This agreement was a serious blow to the hope of the Commission that brokering agreement on further integrative moves would be easier in the future. The terms of the deal also precipitated a collapse of morale in the Commission; in particular, the authority of the German and Dutch diplomats Hallstein and Mansholt was undermined by the episode (Bache, et al., 2011). Some Commissioners had warned against a confrontation with de Gaulle on supranationality, but Hallstein and Mansholt overruled them. Hallstein withdrew his name of the ECSC, EEC and Euratom in 1966. Mansholt stayed in the commission but did not put his name forward for presidency. In 1969, the creation of the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) at The Hague Summit required Within the EC itself, the transfer form national to supranational control. Countries agreed on a first stage of the EMU which was limited to regular economic coordination meetings and scheme to bind the dollar values of the six EEC currencies more tightly to each other. Thus, the 1973 arrangement was known as the ‘snake in the tunnel’ whereby they agreed to float their currencies against the dollar and keep the six currencies fluctuations between each other to a small margin. However, the EMU was created at the time of uncertainty as states were not prepared to risk the experimentation of launching a supranational systemic scheme. Confronted by a recurrent international monetary crises and financial turbulence of the late 1960s meant that the EMU could not conceal the wider problems of integration process appeared to be facing. The demise of the 1970s EMU initiative is usually first e xplained by the oil price shock of the 1973-75 in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), when the price quadrupled from $2 to $12 a barrel, leading to global economic recession, the worst world slump since the 1930s and rising unemployment with inflation at the same time (Dedman , 2010, p. 111). Governments, unsure of what to do, were not prepared to experiment the problems in the EMU. Another setback in to the EMU was caused by an international monetary crisis that completely destroyed the first stage of the EMU and ended the convertibility of the dollar in 1971. This period severely damaged the Europe’s economy especially those of the EEC members when the time of stagnation became inevitable. Poor performance was registered as the average GDP growth in the European Community declined from 4.8% in 1960-73 to 2.1% in 1973-83 (Giersch, 1984, p. 1). Due to poor economic performance, the labour market suffered immensely. Unemployment rate in the community increased from 5.5% in 1978 to 11.5% in 1985 whereas in the United States it fell to about 7% in 1982. Furthermore inflation meant that trade with members of the European community fell drastically. Consequently, limited and stagnant expansion of the EEC was a result as countries became very sceptical of the community. This added to the EEC’s failure to act together as a community. For example, during t he oil crisis itself The EEC did nothing to help defend Holland, a member state, when subjected to an Arab oil embargo (because it was considered pro-Israeli). Instead EEC members, notably France and Britain, moved quickly to make bilateral deals for oil supplies. The major oil companies helped Holland more than the EEC through supplying them by the clandestine diversion of oil shipments. The energy crises revealed the inability of the EEC to act collectively as a community with a common strategy towards OPEC’s oil price increases 1973-75 and a shameful unwillingness to defend the Dutch and so jeopardise Anglo-Arab and Franco-Arab relations. The EEC looked like a community where economic integration and co-operation worked well in the commercially buoyant 1950s and 1960s but as soon as economic conditions got rough in the 1970s it was every member for itself (Dedman , 2010, p. 112). By early 1980s, Europe’s socio-economic and financial problems had become acute. The much-vaunted ‘Common Market’, supposedly in existence since the late 1960s, was in fact broken up into numerous national markets, all with somewhat different norms and regulations obstructing the entry of products from other member states known as Non-trade barriers (NTBs). NTBs are legal or administrative arrangements ostensibly designed for innocent purposes (health and safety, equal rights, financial transparency) but in reality often intended to make it harder for European rivals to sell products or to do business at the expense of home-grown companies or firms. In deciding, to spearhead a campaign aimed at the abolition of Non-tariff barriers, Jacques Delors newly elected president of the European Community by 1985, chose a target that was likely to capture the enthusiasm of a new breed of European leaders eager to break away from the protectionist practices of the recent pas t. Delors oversaw important budgetary reforms and laid the groundwork for the introduction of a single market within the community that required Europe to rid from tariffs, quotas and other protectionist policies. With most of Western Europe ruled by centre right parties in early 1980s, the idea for a liberalized Europe was became a serious possible reality to solve Europe’s economy. Christian Democrats in Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark and the Conservatives and Britain believed that European recovery needed to start with an ambitious programme designed to free up both individual national economies and the European market, which was far too weighed down national barriers; furthermore, they were largely in agreement that the EC should pursue the key economic virtues that had seen Germany through the 1970s, namely low inflation, sound government finances, a strong currency, and export-led growth (Dinan , 2006, p. 225). Thus, this growing consensus led to t he European Community to signing of the Schengen Agreement which later created a free movement of labour, capital, goods and services, followed by the signing of the Single European Act (SEA) in 1986 which aimed in establishing a single market and later reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy in the 1990s. The launch of the SEA meant that barriers to trade were lifted as most products were covered by a mutual recognition by members under legislation. Investment also slowly rose, as the single slowly captured considerable attention from by national businesses and small investors. It also captured attention outside of the community as this applied to the Americans, who had seemingly lost interest in the process of European integration they had earlier supported. It was also true also for the Japanese and for multiple remaining West European states that had earlier chosen not join the EC. The re-launch of the mid-1980s therefore became an important factor in the decisions of Austria, Finland and Sweden to seek EC membership (they finally joined the EU in January 1995). To conclude, Western Europe’s sluggish economic performance could be seen as a direct rebuke to the European Communuty, which having taken credit for the remarkable economic advance of the 1960s, could not escape some of the blame for limping performance of the 1970s and early 1980s. Indeed, sluggish economic performance threatened to erode the EC’s early accomplishments as governments and industries looked for salvation through protectionism, state subsidies, and other measures designed to favour domestic producers over and above outsiders. Also, the European Community’s institutional system seemed especially hard hit. The optimism surrounding the first enlargement of the early 1970s, when Britain, Denmark, and Ireland joined had given way to irritation, with the newcomers angry at their relative failure shape the EC in their own image, and the founder members cross with the way in which the new arrivals appeared to slow progress and the founder members cross wi th the way in which the new arrivals appeared to slow progress; for example, the British abstention from the European Monetary System which had been the community’s most exciting project. Finally, by the mid-1980s, there was a realization within national governments which openly spoke of the dismal that Europe was in. Had it not been for a change in the course of economic policies and the innovative liberal visions of a single market, the European community could achieve harder stages of political stagnation economic under-performance as the GDP annual growth rate hit its lowest (1.1%) in 1985 (Giersch, 1984, p. 1). The single market is thus seen as salvation to the community integrity as it revived integration and gave more power to supranationalism within the European Community. It is also worth pointing out that the signing of the SEA were seen as laying to the foundation of the Maastricht Treaty in the 1990s that brought about a Common Union with the creation of a common currency. Bibliography Bache, I., George , S. Bulmer, S., 2011. Politics in the European Union. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Dedman , M., 2010. Development: EMU, the first stage (1973) to the EU (1991). In: The origins and development of the European Union, 1945-2008. Oxford : Routledge, pp. 109-119. Dinan , D., 2006. Origins and Evolutions of the European Union. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press . Giersch, H., 1984. Eurosclerosis. Working paper series no.112. Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Available at: http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/48070/1/025296167.pdf

Violence is Caused by Cultural Diversities :: Diversity Culture Religion Essays

Violence is Caused by Cultural Diversities In today’s complex society the evidence of a variety of religions is more apparent than ever. Religion is the service and worship of God or the supernatural. Although in its broadest sense religion is simply the expression of a relationship with a supreme power, people have always made religion a formal process. Satellite communications have brought to our attention the diversity of culture as well as religion. We read and witness on a daily basis the conflicts that are a result of different religious beliefs. In order to understand the complexities of the worlds major religions, we need to examine their basic beliefs. Those who believe in one supreme being or God, have a monotheistic religion; those who believe in more than one supreme being adopts a polytheistic religion. Within these two broad classifications, religions can be separated into four categories: the religious savages; the religions of primitive culture, such as those of ancient Mexico, Peru, and the South Sea Islands; the religions of advanced culture, such as were practiced in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Greece and Rome; and the religions that are co-extensive with our life such as Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Mohammedanism. Worship of such things as stars, the sun and moon, rivers, trees, and spirits of ancestors, as well as the practice of magic, are characteristic of the first two groups. Mythology is a factor in the religions of the third group. The religions of the last group deal with morals and manner of living, and a man’s relation with the spiritual divine; thus these religions exert a tremendous influence on the world of today. Catholicism is the practice, faith, or system of Catholic Christianity. Catholic Christianity is forming the ancient undivided Christian Church or a church claiming historical continuity from it. Catholic Christianity is a belief in God that is very popular all over the world. Until the Reformation of the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants were the only important Christian organization in Europe.

Grading Guide Essay

†¢All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way. †¢Paper addresses the following: External forces and trends considerations: Legal and regulatory Global Economic Technological Innovation Social Environmental Competitive analysis Internal forces and trends considerations: Strategy Structures Processes and systems Resources Goals Strategic capabilities Culture Technologies Innovations Intellectual property Leadership Include economic as well as legal and regulatory forces and trends. Critique how well the organization adapts to change. Analyze the supply chain operations of the organization. Identify issues and/or opportunities: oIdentify the major issues and/or opportunities that the company faces based on your analysis above. oGenerate a hypothesis surrounding each issue and research questions to use for conducting analysis. oIdentify the circumstances surrounding each issue; classify the circumstances; attribute the importance of each classification; and test the accuracy of the importance for each classification. 10.5 Good coverage of the assignment. Need the objective of the paper. Organization / Development 20 PercentPoints Available 4Points Earned X/4Additional Comments: †¢The paper is no more than 1400-to 1750-words in length. †¢Paragraph transitions are present, logical, and maintain the flow throughout the paper. †¢The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. †¢Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. †¢Sentences are well constructed, strong, and varied. †¢Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. 4Good writing. Mechanics 20 PercentPoints Available 4Points Earned X/4Additional Comments: †¢The paper—including tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference page— is consistent with APA formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements. †¢Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page. †¢Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. †¢Spelling is correct.3.5In the future papers use the citations to support your analysis.

Hugh’s character Essay

The final story, which Hugh tells, incorporates the many criticisms of Hugh’s character. He covers up his own failings and inadequacies as a defence mechanism and reiterates this by saying to Owen, ‘to remember everything is a form of madness. ‘ This story is almost a turning point of Hugh’s character and for the audience’s interruption of his character. Hugh is no longer a two dimensional caricature but a real character with human attributes, hence why we can be critical and admirable towards him. After all, Hugh is a self-educated man with a vast depth of knowledge of the Classics, speaking four languages, that we know of, Greek, Latin, Gaelic and English; nearly all of which he would have to have taught himself. He seems to be driven to share his knowledge. By teaching the Classics in his environment of rural poverty, himself a picture of poor ragged countryman, we must appreciate his drive and ability. Hugh also formed the ‘Hedge School’ well as far as we know. He is attempting to educate the locals and one almost feels that he has taken the school from the hedge lines into the barn and still as an old man in his early sixties he has the ambition to move onward and upward to a new position at the new national school. He is clearly a figure in the local community who is looked up and respected by his peers and students alike. In addition, Yolland has a great deal of respect for him, calling him † an astute man. ‘ Yolland almost has more respect for Hugh than Owen does because Owen continues to be critical of him and Yolland repeats, ‘But so astute,’ almost placing Hugh on a pedestal. In addition, as an audience you have to respect his ability to cope with his situation, his wife has died and his sons are without a mother. It is easy to be critical of Hugh but you have to admire his ability to cope with the hard reality of the times he is living in even if that means trying to erase the past. After all he did live in an age of hand to mouth existence and he almost blocks out the reality of these hardships. His survival mechanism is a natural and human instinct. We cannot really blame him for wanting to live in an unrealistic world of Greek myth and Latin past. Neither can you chastise his drinking. His lifestyle and the stress of his situation is what drives him to drink and you cannot really fault him for that. All of these small but simple gestures that Friel incorporates into Hugh’s character are what make us as an audience have admiration for him. Friel does not create a stereotypical character, but a ‘fully-rounded’ individual with human qualities, it is these qualities, which allow us as an audience to both admire and criticise his character.

Positivism Essay Example

Positivism Essay Example Positivism Paper Positivism Paper Positivism is a theoretical and methodological approach in contemporary criminology. Positivists believe that human behavior is shaped by biological, psychological or social factors and forces. These factors and forces are called individual pathology which deter the decision-making and control ability of an individual and results in behavioral problems (White Haines, 2003). To extend to legal definition, crime is defined as individual pathology to obey law and to conform to moral consensus of the society. Positivism approach in criminology examines the trait distinctions between offenders, rather than on the criminal acts as the focus of analysis. Also, positivism determines how these differences predispose a person towards criminality (White Haines, 2003). Positivists believed that these traits observed can be diagnosed and treated by dealing with and removing the factors and forces that cause the offending behavior to occur. Rather than punishment, positivism directs toward the treatment of offender as a response to crime (White Haines, 2003). The study of positivism is to classify and quantify human behaviors to uncover the causal relations between deviants traits and the committed crime. Therefore, positivism is a scientific approach in the criminal justice system. Psychological positivism Positivism concerning with psychological factors induced behavior is called psychological positivism. The consequences and impact of individual trauma are psychological factors which provoke behavior problems (White Haines, 2003). These psychological factors hinder the cognitive development in decision making, social understanding and moral reasoning. Thus, people with psychological problem are potential to commit in crime as they are unconscious in doing so (White Haines, 2003). Based on psychological positivism, criminals are associated with one of these psychological theories: psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and physiological theory (Senna Siegel, 1990). The following will explain these theories by the case of man rape against woman. (a) Psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Sigmund Freud (Senna Siegel, 1990). He believed that the personality arises from a conflict between three interacting systems: id, ego and superego (Senna Siegel, 1990). Id is unconscious energy that strives to satisfy instant gratification, it operates on the pleasure principle. Superego incorporates the moral norms of the society that how one ought to behave. Ego is conscious part of personality that satisfies the ids desires in ways that realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. It operates on the reality principle and struggles to reconcile the conflict between ego and superego. Psychoanalysts believe that law violators may suffer from personality disorder which is caused by damaged egos or superego (Senna Siegel, 1990). The personality disorder is self control inability which denoted that the capacity to repress urges is diminished. Criminals seek immediate gratification of wishes without consideration of right and wrong or the need s of others in the absence of self control. Humans are impulsive and anti-social in nature, they learn to aside to law through the system of self control. Low self control is consisted of incapability of defer gratification, lack of perseverance, and preference for risky and physical behavior (White Haines, 2003). To relate rape with self control theory, rape is seen as a gratification from sexual provocation. Mens sexual drive is aroused by womens dress, presence or movements. The drive is power and is so overwhelming to control (Vogelman, 1990). Men have no choice but to rape for a surge of excitement. As Groth and Birnbau (1979) argued, rape is not a symptom of mental illness but of personality dysfunction (cited in Hall, 1995: 74). Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) argued that child-rearing is critical to the development of self-control (cited in White Haines, 2003: 47). Family which lack of harmony, emotional warmth, and mutual acceptance promote the development of delinquency. Parents in these families treat the child aggressively or overly strict. Child abuse and neglect are also found in these families (Friedrich, 2003). Through such experiences, children learn aggressive behavior via modeling and perform similar reactions in the future. Warrne, Hazelwood and Reboussin (1991) reported that 76% rapists had experienced some sort of sexual abuse when they were children (cited in Hall, 1995: 75). These abuses include physical penetration or coercion to watch sexual act by assaults who were their family member or known assailants such as teacher, neighbor or friend (Hall, 1995). (b) Behavioral Theory Behavioral theory believes that behavior is determined. It is learned from others or through experiences. Human beings learn from daily observations (Senna Siegel, 1990). For example, youth exposed to aggressive, antisocial behavior on television and movies are likely to copy that violent behavior. Similarly, reading pornography laced with violence causes people to commit to rape. Laboratory researchers have claimed that media exposure on sexual aggression such as violence, degrade and humiliate against women encourage sexual offends (Howitt, 1998). It have been found that the majority of rapists to be of average or above average intelligence, educational level and income. However, they have inability to form or maintain emotionally intimate relationships with others (Hall, 1995). In fact, antisocial behavior can be induced by social disability such as deprivation or discrimination. Also, when people are unable to attain what they desire, they become frustrated and their potential for aggression is increased (Vogelman, 1990). Physical acts are often the quickest way to express anger or stress to diminish the inability and impairments (Conley, Luckasson Bouthilet, 1992). Groth and Hobson (1083) defined rape as a sexual expression of aggression against women (cited in Howitt, 1998: 91). This can be illustrated by anger rape. Anger rape involves physically force than necessary to overpower and damage the victim to obtain sex. Abusive, obscene and degrading languages are accompanied with anger rapist to express their hostility (How itt, 1998). This indicates that rape cannot be understood in terms of sexual desire alone. (c) Cognitive theory Cognitive theory focuses on how people process and store information. A child may do what is right simply to avoid punishment. The same person will do what is right to avoid hurting others in later life. This is called moral reasoning (Senna Siegel, 1990). Moral reasoning determines the perception one acquired. Perception dominates people behavior. Moral reasoning also endeavor one to obey law on behalf of their social responsibility and to identify the perspectives, feelings or thoughts of the others (Murphy Clare, 2003). Based on these theories, criminals are probably to have faulty perception and information processing as they are unable to think logically in the system of axiom. Axiom is the causal relationship of if and then, that is the impact of criminals behavior (Conley, Luckasson Bouthilet, 1992). Senna Siegel (1990) suggested that criminals are significantly lower in their moral judgment than non-criminals as they have limited insight into the motivations and character istics of others. They perceive other people as more aggressive than they are. Undoubtedly, they are more likely to be vigilant and suspicious. When criminals attack victims, they believe they were actually defending themselves (Senna Siegel, 1990). For male rapists, women are percept as sex objects and they believe that women are not worthy of respect since men are more competitive in the sphere of sexual relations. Rapists are unable to identify the equality between the two sex roles. The expression of mens masculinity is demonstrated in power rape. As Groth and Birnbaum (1979) stated, The intent of the power rapist is to assert his competency and validate his masculinity (as cited in Hall, 1995:76). Power rape is driven by fantasy. The power rapist projects his own desires on the victim, thereby interpreting her resistance as a facade of non-compliance. The rapists are exited by pain and suffering of the victim (Murphy Clare, 2003). The dehumanization of women reflects rapists inconsideration on others. The power rapists use language of instructional as to express conquest against women. (d) Physiological theory Physiological theory is the identification of the psychopathic personality (Senna Siegel, 1990). Psychopathic personality is caused by physical abnormality in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS mediates internal activities such as heart beat and blood pressure when associated with emotions. The physical abnormality can be caused by genetic and biochemical factors. Therefore, psychopathic personality is predisposed innately and is unaffected by socialization. Psychopath experiences lower arousal levels to stimuli and react differently from the normal. Therefore, it is possible that psychopaths are thrill seekers who engage in high-risk, antisocial activities to raise their general neurological level to a more optimal rate (Senna Siegel, 1990). Criminals are potential psychopaths who devoted in risky activities. As Freud developed, libidinal energy is internalized in particular zone of human, these zones are oral, anal, phallic and genital. These zones will evoke a feeling of pleasure when they are stimulated (Vogelman, 1990). Therefore, it is possible for men to have biological drive for sex. Moreover, As Gebbard, Gagnon, Pomeroy and Christenseon (1965) stated, In many mammals, coitus is preceded by a physical strugglethe physiological by-products of excitement and exertion is the increased heart rate, increased breathing, muscle tension, the greater supply of blood to the body surfaces, etc (cited in Vogelman, 1990: 39). Men rape not purely because of lust and lack of sex, but to facilitate sexual arousal. The arousal is obtained from the struggle of woman to produce a sense of excitement (Vogelman, 1990). Treatment As mentioned previously, the response of crime in positivism concentrates on treatment rather than punishment. Offenders who seem to have personality problems will undergo a psychological evaluation examined by forensic psychologists and psychiatrists (Senna Siegel, 1990). These professionals worked within the criminal justice system to assess the possibility of personality disorder. They also assert appropriate treatment to criminals according to their degree of deficiency. Treatment for rapists seeks to identify the causes of their deviant behavior, and to cure them by changing their thinking processing. Treatments for rapists include psychotherapy, behavior modification and biomedical therapy (Hall, 1995). There are three forms of psychotherapy: relapse prevention, cognitive therapy, and victim empathy. Relapse prevention is based on the belief that an event such as emotion and behavior are prior to rape, rapists are asked to identify the preceding events so that whenever the event appear they can consciously terminate their offensive behavior (Hall, 1995). Relapse prevention is the exercise of self control utilization. Cognitive therapy indoctrinates a moral perception to rapists that it is necessary to rationalize and justify their own offensive behavior (Hall, 1995). Victim empathy enables the rapists to empathize with his victims, thereby gaining recognition of the lasting impact of his action. In this therapy, rapist reenacts the rape from the perspective of a victim (Hall, 1995). A new moral reasoning system is constructed from this torture experience. Behavior modification is done by arousal control (Hall, 1995). It makes use of adverse conditions to control unacceptable behavior. For example, a rapist is assigned to be exposed to a scene which depicts a violent sexual encounter. If he is sexually aroused, he might receive a series of electrical shocks or might be subjected to an offensive odor (Hall, 1995). The purpose of the treatment is to cause the rapist to respond adversely to the thoughts of sexual violence. Thus, behavior is reformed. Biomedical therapy involves the use of drugs in conjunction with other forms of therapy. Drugs are used as a form of chemical castration that results in suppression of the manufacture of the sex hormones, testosterone. It may also use to suppress inappropriate fantasies and compulsive behavior (Hall, 1995). Offensive behavior can be removed. Psychological positivism as legal defense mechanism In criminal justice system, a voluntary act, the actus reus and a mental element, the mens reas are required to condemn someone to be guilty (Murphy Clare, 2003). The mental elements include the cognitive development and psychiatric conditions of the offenders. The cognitive development contributes to the ability to identify existing problems and formulate an effective way to solve the problems (Murphy Clare, 2003). If the development is interrupted, the offender is claimed to be no intention for their acts. Likely is the psychiatric illness sufferer. The criminal law recognizes these abnormal mental conditions of a person not to entirely responsible for their actions as intent for the commission of crime is negated (Senna Siegel, 1990). The mental state of unconscious is used as a legal defense mechanism. If a person is declared insane when they were committing crime, a judgment of not guilty by reason of insanity (cited in Senna Siegel, 1990) is entered. The person is then held in an institution for the criminally insane until found to be sane and eligible for release (Senna Siegel, 1990). Offenders can escape from punishment liked incarceration. Besides, involuntarily intoxication under duress or by mistake may also be an excuse to refute the crime committed. Even though voluntary intoxication can lessen the degree of crime because the defendant can prove they were lacking of critical element for mental intention (Senna Siegel, 1990). For example, a judgment may be decreased from first to second-degree murder. The defense mechanism in respect to psychological positivism is being criticized as it spurs crime as it releases criminal offenders. Criminal justice system is thus unjust. Conclusion The willingness of time and money consumption to investigate psychological positivism indicates that policymakers ascertain that personal trait is a contributing cause of criminality. Nevertheless, there are critiques in psychological positivism. Since positivism is a science, it is inaccessible to the general community. Power is centered in the hands of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists with their specialized knowledge (White Haines, 2003). Debate was also found on the efficacy of criminal profiling. Psychological positivism brings suspicious people into innocent criminals simply because they match certain personality traits (White Haines, 2003). In contrast, psychological positivism allows crime to be prevented by early intervention such as pre-school program to enforce discipline to children. Psychological positivism tends to construct a more harmonic society for the future.

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